Understanding Sleepwalking and Night Terrors: What You Need to Know

What are Parasomnias?

Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders characterized by abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep. These disorders can be bewildering for those who experience them and their loved ones.

Common Types of Parasomnias

• Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Involves walking or performing other complex behaviors while still mostly asleep.
• Night Terrors: Episodes of screaming, intense fear, and flailing while still asleep. Typically occur during non-REM sleep.
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Physically acting out vivid, often unpleasant dreams during REM sleep.

Night Terrors vs. Nightmares

Understanding the difference between night terrors and nightmares is essential:

• Night Terrors: Typically happen during the first third of the night in deep non-REM sleep. Individuals might scream or thrash about but usually do not recall the episode upon waking. Night terrors are often more severe and can last between a few seconds to a few minutes.
• Nightmares: Occur during REM sleep and are vividly recalled upon waking. Nightmares are typically distressing but not physically acted out.

Who is at Risk?

• Children: Most common in children aged 3-12; their developing brains might contribute to the prevalence.
• Genetic Factors: A family history of parasomnias can increase susceptibility.
• Stress and Anxiety: Heighten the likelihood of experiencing parasomnias in both children and adults.
• Sleep Deprivation: Increases the risk by affecting the sleep cycle stability.

Ensuring Safety at Home

Keeping the environment safe for someone experiencing parasomnias is vital:

• Remove Dangerous Objects: Ensure the sleeping area is free of sharp or dangerous objects.
• Secure Windows and Doors: Prevent sleepwalkers from wandering outside or into hazardous areas.
• Employ Safety Measures: Install gates near stairs and use alarms for external doors.

Medical or Psychological Causes

Several factors can lead to parasomnias:

• Neurological Conditions: Such as Parkinson's disease or epilepsy.
• Mental Health Disorders: Anxiety, PTSD, and depression may exacerbate parasomnias.
• Substance Abuse: Alcohol and certain medications can provoke these behaviors.

When to Consult a Sleep Clinic

If episodes of sleepwalking or night terrors occur frequently or involve dangerous behavior, consulting a sleep specialist is advisable. They can perform a sleep study to understand the underlying causes and recommend an individualized treatment plan, which might include:

• Sleep Hygiene Improvements
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• Medication

Consultation is crucial for distinguishing parasomnia-related activities from other potential sleep disorders that could require different treatments.